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== ================= == ╦EYBOARD ├ONTROLS == ================= == ╘HE FOLLOWING KEY COMMANDS ARE ACTIVATED BY FIRST PRESSING THE '_' (LEFT ARROW) KEY, THEN THE COMMAND KEY. ┴ FEW KEY COMMANDS ACTIVATE A SMALL MENU OF KEY OPTIONS AND SEVERAL COMMANDS WILL PROMPT FOR A FILENAME OR OTHER DATA; SIMPLY FOLLOW THE PROMPTS. ╦┼┘ ┴├╘╔╧╬ 1 ┼XIT ╘ASS AND GO BACK TO ┬┴╙╔├ ! ╙HOW A ╙┼╤ FILE ON SCREEN (├┬═ PAUSES, ╥/╙ ABORTS) 2 ╧UTPUT A SEPARATOR LINE TO THE CURRENT CURSOR LINE 3 ┴SSEMBLE TO BANK 0 # ┴SSEMBLE TO CURRENT OBJECT BANK 4 ╨RINT SOURCE (?: PRINTER, *: SCREEN, <NAME>: FILE) 5 ┴SSEMBLE TO DISK 6 ═AKE .BYTE STATEMENTS FROM OBJECT BANK 7 ╙ET RETURN TAB (COLUMN CURSOR SITS AT AFTER A RETURN) 8 ╙ET SOURCE TAB (COLUMN OPCODE SOURCE STARTS AT) + ╨ERFORM HEXADECIMAL ADDITION - ╨ERFORM HEXADECIMAL SUBTRACTION ─┼╠ ─ELETE LINE UNDER CURSOR ╔╬╙╘ ╠INE INSERT TOGGLE ^ ├OPY LINE UNDER CURSOR TO THE LINE BUFFER # ╨ASTE LINE BUFFER TO THE CURRENT CURSOR LINE Q ═OVE CURSOR TO COL. 0 (FAR LEFT) W ╫RITE SOURCECODE TO DISK AS ╙┼╤ E ┼NTER A ╙┼╤ FILE FROM DISK, TREATING LINES AS SOURCE CODE R ╥EPLACE A STRING. ╨ROMPTS FOR SEARCH AND REPLACEMENT STRINGS AND THEN FINDS THE FIRST OCCURANCE OF THE SEARCH STRING T ┼XECUTES FIRST REPLACEMENT OF A FOUND SEARCH STRING Y ┼XECUTES REPLACEMENTS FOR ┴╠╠ OCCURANCES OF THE SEARCH STRING U ╠IST LABELS (?: PRINTER, *: SCREEN, <NAME>: FILE) I ╞IND FIRST OCCURANCE OF GIVEN LABEL STRING IN SOURCE @ ─ISKCOMMAND (@ FOR STATUS) * ─IRECTORY (├┬═ PAUSE, ╥/╙ ABORT) A ┼NTER ╨┼╘╙├╔╔ CODES (_ TO ABORT) S ╙AVE SOURCE FILE TO DISK D ─EVICE # INCREMENT (FINDS NEXT AVAILABLE DRIVE ON SERIAL BUS) F ╞IND FIRST OCCURANCE OF GIVEN STRING IN SOURCE G ╟OTO MARK H ╞IND NEXT OCCURANCE OF SEARCH STRING IN SOURCE K ╥EDEFINE FKEY ╞3-╞6 ╦ ╞-KEY RESET TO INTERNAL DEFAULTS L ╠OAD SOURCE FILE FROM DISK : ╠IST MARKS ; ╦ILL MARK Z ╒NDO LINE EDITING C ├OLDSTART (KILLS SOURCE!) B ┴CTIVATE BLOCK COMMANDS W ╫RITE BLOCK TO A ╙┼╤ FILE C ├OPY DEFINED BLOCK TO CURRENT CURSOR POSITION M ═OVE DEFINED BLOCK TO CURRENT CURSOR POSITION K ╦ILL DEFINED BLOCK N ╟O TO SPECIFIC LINE NUMBER M ╙ET MARKS (0-9 FOR MARKS, S - BLOCK START, E - BLOCK END) = ╩OIN REMAINDER OF CURRENT LINE TO PRECEEDING LINE / ─ELETE FROM CURSOR TO END OF LINE ╥┼╘╒╥╬ ┬REAK CURRENT LINE INTO TWO LINES AT CURSOR ╙╨┴├┼ ┬LANK CURRENT LINE ├╥╙╥-╥ ═OVE CURSOR TO COLUMN 39 ├╥╙╥-╠ ═OVE CURSOR TO COLUMN 0 ├╥╙╥-─ ═OVE CURSOR DOWN 200 LINES ├╥╙╥-╒ ═OVE CURSOR UP 200 LINES P ┴CTIVATE PREFERENCE COMMANDS 0-6 ┼DITS COLOR OF GIVEN COLOR # S ┼DIT SEPERATOR TEMPLATE ^ ╙AVE TURBO WITH NEW PREFERENCES ╥ ┴CTIVATE ╥┼╒ COMMANDS L ╠OAD FILE TO CURRENT OBJECT BANK B ┬ACKUP CURRENT SOURCE TO A BANK O ├HANGE BANK # OF OBJECT BANK S ├HANGE BANK # OF SOURCE BANK (THIS ALSO SWAPS IN THE SOURCE FROM THE GIVEN SOURCE BANK) J ╙ET LOCATION OF $40 BYTES OF JUMPBACK CODE ╫ITHOUT OTHER PREVIOUS KEYPRESSES: ╦EY ┴CTION ╔╬╙╘ ├HARACTER INSERT TOGGLE ╞1 ═OVE CURSOR UP 20 LINES ╞2 ╘OP OF SOURCE ╞7 ═OVE CURSOR DOWN 20 LINES ╞8 ┬OTTOM OF SOURCE ╞3 ═OVE CURSOR UP 200 LINES ╞4 ┴SSEMBLE AND START ╞5 ═OVE CURSOR DOWN 200 LINES ╞6 ╥┼╒ COMMANDS ╬OTE THAT ╞3-╞6 ARE REDEFINABLE. - --------------- - ╥┼╒ ┼XPLANATION - --------------- - ╧UR ╥┼╒ MODIFICATION ALWAYS USES BANK 0 AS THE ASSEMBLY BANK. ─EFAULT OBJECT/SOURCE BANKS DEPEND ON WHAT SIZE OF ╥┼╒ IS DETECTED: 128K: SRC 0, OBJ 1 256+: SRC 2, OBJ 1 ╬OTE THAT USERS OF 128K ╥┼╒ WILL ╬╧╘ BE ABLE TO ALTER EITHER BANK USED. ┴LSO YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO BACKUP YOUR SOURCE BECAUSE OF THE 2 BANKS AVAILABLE BOTH ARE USED. ╞OR 256/512K USERS YOU HAVE BANKS 2-3 OR BANKS 2-7 OPEN FOR BANKING SOURCES. ╫HEN YOU ASSEMBLE THE FOLLOWING WILL OCCUR: THE CURRENT OBJECT BANK WILL BE COPIED TO BANK 0, THEN CODE IS ASSEMBLED INTO BANK 0; C64 AND BANK 0 ARE SWAPPED AND YOUR CODE EXECUTES. ┴ ROUTINE IS STORED AT $180 (THIS IS BY DEFAULT, IT IS ALTERABLE FROM THE ╥┼╒ COMMAND MENU) THAT WHEN JMP'ED TO REBANKS YOUR SOURCE FROM BANK 0 AND RESTARTS TURBO. ╘HE OBJECT AND SOURCE BANKS IN EFFECT ARE DISPLAYED IN THE STATUS LINE, AND (IF YOU HAVE A 256K/512K ╥┼╒) CAN BE SWITCHED TO ANY BANK EXCEPT BANK 0. ╧F COURSE IT IS HIGHLY ADVISED YOU DON'T USE THE SAME BANK FOR OBJECT AND SOURCE! == ===================== == ╘URBO ═ACRO ╧PERATION == ===================== == ╫HAT FOLLOWS NOW IS A DETAILED EXPLANATION OF ALL ASPECTS OF THE ASSEMBLER, INCLUDINGS A LOOK AT HOW CONSTANTS/EXPRESSIONS MAY BE DEFINED, AND A LIST OF ALL THE PSUEDO-OPS AVAILABLE WITH EXAMPLES WHERE NECESSARY! - ----------------- - ├ONSTANT ╓ALUES - ----------------- - ├ONSTANT VALUES CAN BE EXPRESSED IN EITHER DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL, BINARY, OR AS CHARACTERS NO PRECEEDING SYMBOL INDICATES A DECIMAL VALUE): $ DENOTES A HEXADECIMAL VALUE % DENOTES A BINARY VALUE "A" DENOTES A CHARACTER VALUE -=> ┼XAMPLES $20 HEX $20, DECIMAL 32 15 HEX $0F, DECIMAL 15 %10001000 HEX $88, DECIMAL 135 "1" HEX $31, DECIMAL 49 - ----------- - ┼XPRESSIONS - ----------- - ┼XPRESSIONS IN ╘URBO ═ACRO ╨RO CAN BE FORMED WITH THE FOLLOWING OPERATORS, ALL OF WHICH ARE BINARY OPERATORS (MEANING THEY REQUIRE A VALUE ON THE RIGHT ┴╬─ LEFT SIDE OF THE OPERATOR): + FOR ADDITION - FOR SUBTRACTION * FOR MULTIPLICATION / FOR DIVISION & FOR BITWISE AND . FOR BITWISE OR : FOR BITWISE EOR ╓ALUES USED WITH EXPRESSIONS CAN BE CONSTANT VALUES DESCRIBED ABOVE, OR LABELS. ╬OTE THAT YOU CAN ALSO USE PARENTHESIS AND AS YOU WOULD EXPECT THEY AFFECT THE ORDER IN WHICH THE EXPRESSION IS EVALUATED: -=> ┼XAMPLES $20 + 4 = HEX $24, DEC 36 15 - %00000011 = HEX $0C, DEC 12 $FF & $F0 = HEX $F0, DEC 240 (2*$10)+1 = HEX $21, DEC 33 2*($10+1) = HEX $22, DEC 34 ╘HE '*' HAS A DIFFERENT MEANING WHEN IT IS USED AS A VALUE AND NOT AN OPERATOR. ╙ETTING * EQUAL TO A VALUE CHANGES THE CURRENT PROGRAM COUNTER THE ASSEMBLER IS USING. ┘OU CAN RESET THE VALUE OF * THROUGHOUT YOUR CODE. ┘OU SHOULD ALWAYS SET * AT THE TOP OF YOUR SOURCE TO ENSURE TASS BEGINS ASSEMBLING WHERE YOU EXPECT IT TO. ╘HE VALUE OF * IN EXPRESSIONS IS ALWAYS THE CURRENT PROGRAM COUNTER. -=> ┼XAMPLES *= $1000 SETS THE PROGRAM COUNTER TO $1000; CODE STARTS ASSEMBLING THERE LDA #>(*) ASSEMBLES AS LDA #$10 BNE *+5 THIS BRANCH USES * TO SKIP A FOLLOWING JMP OPCODE ┼XPRESSIONS CAN ALSO BE MODIFIED BY THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERS: < DENOTES THAT THE LOW BYTE OF THE FOLLOWING CONSTANT OR EXPRESSION SHOULD BE TAKEN > DENOTES THAT THE HI BYTE OF THE FOLLOWING CONSTANT OR EXPRESSION SHOULD BE TAKEN # DENOTES THAT THE ASSEMBLER MUST TREAT THE FOLLOWING VALUE AND THE OPCODE USING IT AS AN IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING SITUATION ! DENOTES AN EXPRESSION WHOSE VALUE MAY CURRENTLY OR LATER BE DETERMINED AS 1 BYTE BUT WHICH SHOULD BE EXPANDED INTO 2 BYTES. ╙EE BELOW FOR AN EXAMPLE. -=> ┼XAMPLES >$0314 = HEX $03 <$0400+(6*$28) = HEX $F0 LDA #$28 ASSEMBLES AS A9 28 LDA $28 ASSEMBLES AS A5 28 ┼XAMPLES OF THE USE OF '!' ARE SHOWN BELOW. ╦EEP IN MIND THAT THE TASS EDITOR WILL NOT ALLOW YOU TO ENTER A CONSTANT VALUE LIKE $0002 OR $00FF; IT AUTOMATICALLY SHORTENS IT TO $02 OR $FF. ╘HIS MAY BE SEEN AS A DEFICIENCY OF TASS BUT YOU HAVE A WAY AROUND THIS WHEN YOU REALLY NEED TO SPECIFY TO THE ASSEMBLER LINES LIKE LDA $0002: LDA $02 ASSEMBLES AS LDA $02 LDA !$02 ASSEMBLES AS LDA $0002 ┴NOTHER USE IS TO PREVENT PHASE ERRORS. ┴ PHASE ERROR OCCURS WHEN THE LENGTH OF CODE DETERMINED BY PASS ONE AND PASS TWO OF THE ASSEMBLER DO NOT MATCH. ╧NE WAY THIS CAN OCCUR IS BY LABELS REFERENCED BEFORE THEY ARE DEFINED: LDA BAH ; BAH IS UNDEFINED RTS BAH = $02 ; BAH IS NOW DEFINED ┴SSEMBLING THIS CODE BLOCK RESULTS IN A PHASE ERROR, BECAUSE TASS ASSUMES UNDEFINED LABELS REPRESENT WORDS DURING THE FIRST PASS. ╔F THE LABEL IS THEN FOUND DEFINED AS A BYTE VALUE, THE SECOND PASS WILL BE SHORTER THAN THE FIRST AND A PHASE ERROR STRIKES. ╘O PREVENT THE PHASE ERROR CHANGE THE CODE TO LOOK LIKE: LDA !BAH RTS BAH = $02 ╘HE '!' TELLS TASS THAT THE EXPRESSION FOLLOWING SHOULD BE TREATED AS A WORD NO MATTER HOW THE LABEL WAS DEFINED. ╧BVIOUSLY THE BEST CHOICE WOULD BE TO DEFINE LABELS BEFORE REFERENCING THEM BUT IN OUR OWN EXPERIENCE THIS IS SOMETIMES UNDESIRED SO USING '!' NOTATION WILL HELP AVOID THE WOES OF PHASE ERRORS. - -------- - ├OMMENTS - -------- - ┘OU CAN ADD COMMENTS TO YOUR SOURCE CODE BY USING THE ';' (SEMICOLON). ┴NY ';' FOUND BY TURBO WILL CAUSE THE ASSEMBLER TO IGNORE WHATEVER FOLLOWS THE ';' TIL THE END OF THAT LINE. ╙O COMMENTS CAN FOLLOW AN OPCODE, OR A PSUEDO-OP, OR THEY CAN BE ON A LINE BY THEMSELVES. -=> ┼XAMPLE ; THIS IS A COMMENT LDA #$01 ; THIS IS A COMMENT STA $D020 ; SO IS THIS! - ---------------- - ╘ABLE ╨SUEDO-OPS - ---------------- - ╘HE TABLE PSUEDO-OPS ARE THE STANDARD WAY TO MAKE DATA OR STRING TABLES. .BYTE - TAKES A LIST OF BYTE VALUES WHICH CAN BE DECIMAL, HEX, BINARY OR CHARACTERS (DENOTED BY A STRING WITH ONE CHARACTER) AND PRODUCES A TABLE OF BYTES. .WORD - TAKES A LIST OF WORD VALUES WHICH CAN BE DECIMAL, HEX, OR BINARY AND PRODUCES A TABLE OF BYTES WHERE THE WORDS ARE ARRANGED IN LOW-BYTE HI-BYTE ORDER. .RTA - TAKES A LIST OF WORD VALUES WHICH CAN BE DECIMAL, HEX, OR BINARY AND PRODUCES A TABLE OF BYTES WHERE THE WORDS ARE DECREMENTED BY 1 AND SET IN LOW-BYTE HI-BYTE ORDER; THIS IS USEFUL FOR DOING STACK MANIPULATION WITH E.G. RETURN ADDRESSES. .TEXT - TAKES A STRING AND PRODUCES FROM IT A TABLE OF BYTES. .NULL - TAKES A STRING AND PRODUCES FROM IT A TABLE OF BYTES TERMINATED WITH A NULL (0) BYTE. .SHIFT - TAKES A STRING AND PRODUCES FROM IT A TABLE OF BYTES WHERE THE LAST BYTE HAS IT'S HIGH-BIT SET TO 1. -=> ┼XAMPLES .BYTE 25,"A",$CC = $19 $41 $CC .TEXT "HI" = $48 $49 .NULL "HI" = $48 $49 $00 .SHIFT "HI" = $48 $C9 .WORD $FCE2 = $E2 $FC .RTA $FCE2 = $E1 $FC - -------------------------- - ╨RINTER ├ONTROL ╨SUEDO-OPS - -------------------------- - ╘HE PRINTER PSUEDO-OPS ALLOW SOME CONTROL DURING PRINTING OF SOURCE TO PRINTER, DISK, OR SCREEN (ACTIVATED WITH KEY COMMAND BACK-ARROW+4). .PROFF AND .PRON ALLOW YOU TO SKIP PRINTING SECTIONS OF CODE, WHILE .HIDEMAC AND .SHOWMAC LET YOU CONTROL WHETHER THE EXPANDED MACRO GETS PRINTED OR JUST THE MACRO CALL (SEE BELOW). .PRON - TURN ON PRINTING .PROFF - TURN OFF PRINTING .HIDEMAC - SHOW UNEXPANDED CALLS .SHOWMAC - SHOW EXPANDED CALLS - ------------------------------- - ├ONDITIONAL ┴SSEMBLY ╨SUEDO-OPS - ------------------------------- - ╘HESE PSUEDO-OPS ALLOW ╘URBO ═ACRO TO ASSEMBLE CHUNKS OF CODE BASED ON THE EVALUATION OF AN EXPRESSION - IF IT'S EQUAL OR NOT EQUAL TO ZERO OR IF IT'S POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE. ┘OU CAN USE THE FUNCTIONALITY TO SELECTIVELY ASSEMBLE CODE BASED ON THE VALUE OF A LABEL, FOR EXAMPLE, OR EVEN THE CURRENT VALUE OF THE PROGRAM COUNTER. .IF - TESTS VALUE OR EXPRESSION FOR INEQUALITY WITH ZERO, SAME AS .IFNE .IFNE - TESTS VALUE OR EXPRESSION FOR INEQUALITY WITH ZERO, SAME AS .IF .IFEQ - TESTS VALUE OR EXPRESSION FOR EQUALITY WITH ZERO .IFPL - TESTS VALUE OR EXPRESSION FOR POSITIVE .IFMI - TESTS VALUE OR EXPRESSION FOR NEGATIVE .ENDIF - MARKS THE END OF CODE ASSEMBLED BY ANY .IF TAKEN -=> ┼XAMPLES CYCLE = 65 .IFNE CYCLE-65 ;IF CYCLE != 65 NOP ;PRODUCE ONE NOP .ENDIF - ---------------- - ┬LOCK ╨SUEDO-OPS - ---------------- - ╘HE BLOCK PSUEDO-OPS ALLOW A VERY USEFUL OPERATION: BLOCKING OFF A SECTION OF CODE SO THAT IT CAN CONTAIN ITS OWN LOCAL LABELS, WHICH CAN BE USED AGAIN IN THE OUT-OF-BLOCK CODE OR WITHIN A DIFFERENT BLOCK! ╬ORMAL TASS DISALLOWS REUSING LABELS. ╒SING BLOCKS YOU CAN CREATE SUBROUTINE LIBRARIES FOR YOUR OWN USE! ╬EED A DOTPLOTTER IN YOUR PROGRAM? ╠OAD THE DOTPLOTTER SUBROUTINE FROM YOUR DISK AND IF YOU BLOCKED IT, YOU DON'T NEED TO WORRY ABOUT CHANGING ANY LABELS IN YOUR MAIN PROGRAM THAT WOULD NORMALLY CONFLICT WITH LABELS IN THE SUBROUTINE. .BLOCK - STARTS A CODE BLOCK .BEND - ENDS A CODE BLOCK - ------------------- - ╓ARIABLE ╨SUEDO-OPS - ------------------- - ╓ARIABLES DEFINE LABELS THAT CAN BE REDEFINED. ╘HIS IS THE ONLY WAY TO CHANGE THE VALUE OF A LABEL IN THE SAME CONTEXT (I.E. IN THE SAME BLOCK OR IN THE MAIN CODE) WITHOUT GETTING A 'DOUBLE DEFINED' ERROR. .VAR - DEFINES A VARIABLE IDENTIFIED BY THE LABEL PRECEEDING '.VAR', TAKING THE VALUE DEFINED BY THE EXPRESSION FOLLOWING THE '.VAR'. -=> ┼XAMPLES VA .VAR $01 ;DEFINES A VAR NAMED ; VA WITH VALUE OF 1 LDA #VAR ;RESULTS IN LDA #$01 VA .VAR VA+1 ;REDEFINES VA TO ; IT'S CURRENT VALUE+1 LDA #VAR ;RESULTS IN LDA #$02 - ---------------- - ═ACRO ╨SUEDO-OPS - ---------------- - ═ACROS ARE A MEANS OF INSERTING A LARGER CHUNK OF CODE BY USING A SHORT MACRO-LABEL FOLLOWED BY 0 TO 8 ARGUMENTS. ╘HIS MACRO-LABEL IS EXPANDED INTO THE CHUNK OF CODE AT ASSEMBLY TIME, WITH SUBSTITUTIONS MADE FOR ARGUMENTS GIVEN. ┴ MACRO CALL IS IDENTIFIED BY A '#' FOLLWED BY THE MACRO-LABEL. .MACRO - STARTS A MACRO DEFINITION AND AUTOMATICALLY MAKES A BLOCK AROUND THE MACRO .SEGMENT - STARTS A MACRO DEFINITION BUT WITHOUT A BLOCK .ENDM - ENDS A MACRO DEFINITION -=> ┼XAMPLES POKE .MACRO ;START MACRO DEF LDA #\2 ;THE \2 MEANS AN ; ARGUMENT ; SUBSTITUTION, IN ; THIS CASE THE ; SECOND MACRO ARG ; WILL REPLACE THE \2 STA \1 ;ANOTHER SUBSTITUTION .ENDM ;END MACRO DEF ╔N YOUR CODE YOU TYPE: #POKE $D020,0 ╒PON ASSEMBLY THAT MACRO CALL IS EXPANDED, AND SUBSTITUTIONS ARE MADE (IN THIS CASE \1 IS REPLACED BY $D020 AND \2 IS REPLACED BY 0) RESULTING IN THE FOLLOWING ASSEMBLY BEING GENERATED: LDA #$00 STA $D020 ╚ERE IS A MORE COMPLEX EXAMPLE SHOWING RECURSION WITH MACROS: TABLE .MACRO ;START MACRO DEF CNT .VAR \1+1 ;SET VAR CNT TO ARG 1 ; PLUS 1 #TAB ;A MACROCALL WITHIN ; A MACRO! .ENDM ;END MACRO DEF TAB .SEGMENT ;START MACRO DEF CNT .VAR CNT-1 ;DECREMENT CNT .IF CNT ;IF CNT != 0 #TAB ;THEN MACROCALL ; ITSELF (TAB) .ENDIF ;END OF THE IF .BYTE CNT ;ASSEMBLE A BYTE WITH ; CURRENT VALUE OF CNT CNT .VAR CNT+1 ;INCREMENT CNT .ENDM ;END MACRO DEF #TABLE 5 ;CALL THE MACRO ; TO CREATE A BYTE ; TABLE FROM 0 TO 5 ╚ERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF USING A TEXT PARAMETER IN A MACRO DEFINITION AND CALL: ERROR .MACRO ;START MACRO DEF LDA #<TX ;LO-BYTE OF TX LDY #>TX ;HI-BYTE OF TX JSR $AB1E ;PRINT IT JMP END ;SKIP TEXT DATA TX .NULL "@1" ;@1 IS REPLACED BY A ; TEXTUAL ARGUMENT END .ENDM ;END MACRO DEF ╙O YOU SEE, USE \X FOR NUMERICAL ARGUMENTS, AND @X FOR TEXT ARGUMENTS, WHERE X DENOTES THE ARGUMENT NUMBER. ╘EXT ARGUMENTS CAN BE USED TO MODIFY THE OPCODES THEMSELVES! ┼XAMPLE: DO .SEGMENT .BLOCK LOOP .ENDM WHILE .SEGMENT ;START MACRO DEF B@1 LOOP ;THE @1 WILL BE ; REPLACED BY A ; TEXT ARGUMENT .BEND .ENDM ;END MACRO DEF LDX #5 ;START OF CODE #DO ;CALL MACRO DO LDY #2 LDA #"*" #DO ;CALL MACRO DO JSR $FFD2 DEY #WHILE "PL" ;CALL MACRO ; 'WHILE' USING ; PARAMETER "PL" LDA #" " ;PRINT SPACE JSR $FFD2 DEX #WHILE "NE" ; CALL MACRO ; 'WHILE' WITH ; PARAMETER "NE" - ---------------------------------- - ╒NCONDITIONAL ┬RANCHING ╨SUEDO-OPS - ---------------------------------- - ╘HESE PSUEDO-OPS ALLOW YOU TO FORCE THE ASSEMBLER TO JUMP TO A GIVEN LABEL AND CONTINUE ASSEMBLING FROM THERE. ╘HIS CAN BE EXTREMELY USEFUL FOR REPEATING A BYTE OR SHORT CODE BLOCK 10, 100, OR EVEN MORE TIMES. ╧NLY LABELS FLAGGED WITH A .LBL PSUEDO-OP CAN BE REFERENCED BY A .GOTO! .LBL - IDENTIFIES A LABEL THAT CAN BE USED BY A .GOTO .GOTO - CAUSES ASSEMBLER TO GOTO THE LABEL REFERENCED AND CONTINUE ASSEMBLING FROM THAT POINT ON -=> ┼XAMPLES CNT .VAR $0100 ;CNT = $100 LOOP .LBL ;LABEL 'LOOP' IS ; PREPARED TO BE ; A .GOTO TARGET NOP CNT .VAR CNT-1 ;DEC CNT .IF CNT ;IF CNT != 0 .GOTO LOOP ;GOTO LOOP .ENDIF ;UNTIL ALL $100 ; NOP'S ARE ; ASSEMBLED - ------------------- - ╔NCLUDING ╨SUEDO-OP - ------------------- - ╘HE .INCLUDE PSUEDO-OP ALLOWS YOU TO ASSEMBLE IN LARGE CHUNKS OF CODE OR LABEL DATA. ╞OR EXAMPLE, YOU COULD USE .INCLUDE TO ASSEMBLE IN A ╙┼╤ FILE WITH LABEL DEFINITIONS FOR ALL OF THE KERNAL JUMPTABLE, OR YOU COULD KEEP SMALL SUBROUTINES IN ╙┼╤ FORM AND INCLUDE THEM IN AS YOU NEED THEM. .INCLUDE - LOAD AND ASSEMBLE A SPECIFIED FILE FROM DISK DURING THE CURRENT ASSEMBLY; THE FILE MUST BE A ╙┼╤ FILE! ***** V1.0 01/05/96